Trauma

Even though the vast membership of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) do not agree on everything to do with dissociative identity disorderPrior to the DSM-IV, dissociative identity disorder was known as multiple personality disorder, which was from 1980-1994. The International Classification of Diseases,(ICD) still uses this label, even though the ICD-11 is expected to change it. The term is misleading. No one can have more than one personality, nor is the disorder a personality disorder. {{See also| Multiple Personality Disorder}}Dissociative identity disorder is a disorder of mental states, where a individual switches from one distinct state to another distinct state, which distinguished it from OSDD/DDNOS, BPD and PTSD. {{Rp|557-570,487-494,471-486}} {{See also| Dissociative Identity Disorder}}, they do all agree that it is caused by consistent and overwhelming early childhood traumaThe most fundamental effect of trauma is dissociation, so we define trauma as the event(s) that cause dissociation. {{Rp|75}} The original trauma in those with dissociative identity disorder was failure of secure attachment with a primary attachment figure in early childhood. {{Rp|83}}. ^{[1]:133 [2]:585-598 [3] [4] [5]} In the 2014 book, "," Bessel van der Kolk points out the following:

Trauma by definition is unbearable and intolerable. Most rape victims, combat soldiers, and children who have been molested become so upset when they think about what they experienced that they try to push it out of their minds, trying to act as if nothing happened, and move on. It takes tremendous energy to keep functioning while carrying the memory"Memory is not a static thing, but an active set of processes." {{Rp|51}} "Our earliest experiences shape not only what we remember, but also how we remember and how we shape the narrative of our lives. Memory can be seen as the way the mind encodes elements of experience into various forms of representation. As a child develops, the mind begins to create a sense of continuity across time, linking past experiences with present perceptions and anticipations of the future." {{Rp|11}} of terror, and the shame of utter weakness and vulnerability. While we want to move beyond trauma, the part of our brainThe brain is a approximately a 1300-gram organ containing 100-billion neurons. It is the control center of the central nervous system. The mind and brain are not the same thing. (see mind) The mind emerges out of interactions between the brain and relationships during the earliest years of childhood. Different child-parent attachment relationships form differing physiological responses, patterns for interpersonal relationship and how an individual views the world. {{Rp|9}} (see attachment) that is devoted to ensuring our survival (deep blow our rational brain) is not very good at denialPsychology - Defense mechanism in which the existence of unpleasant realities is disavowed; refers to keeping out of conscious awareness any aspects of external reality that, if acknowledged, would produce anxiety {{Rp|24}}Crime - "various processes by which individual actors, social groups or states either 'block, shut out, repress or cover up certain forms of disturbing information [about wrong doing] or else evade, avoid or neutralize' its consequences. (Cohen (1995){{Rp|19}}) Refers to the denial of a perpetrator of a crime, for example denying the crime or the impact of the crime, denying the victim, counter-attacks and appealing to "higher loyalties".{{Rp|125}}. Long after a traumatic experience is over, it may be reactive at the slightest hint of danger and mobilized disturbed brain circuits and secrete massive amounts of stress hormones. This precipitates unpleasant emotions intense physical sensations, and impulsive and aggressive actions. ^[6]:1-2

Van der Kolk maintains that trauma is far more complicated than what most authors describe as subjective trauma. ^{[6] [7]} Whichever way you look at it, trauma is the cause of many mental disorders, of which do not have any genetic factors contributing to them such as dissociative identity disorder, other specified dissociative disorder, complex-posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. ^{[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]}

Possible causes of psychological traumaThe most fundamental effect of trauma is dissociation, so we define trauma as the event(s) that cause dissociation. {{Rp|75}} The original trauma in those with dissociative identity disorder was failure of secure attachment with a primary attachment figure in early childhood. {{Rp|83}}

The most serious mental health problems caused by trauma occur when trauma is prolonged and repeated, sometimes extending over years. Trauma survivors may have many different psychiatric diagnoses, or multiple diagnoses. In particular, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder may occur after a trauma.

Examples of Trauma include:

• accidents
• natural disasters
• robbery, rape and homicide and urban violence
• surgeries
• chronic or repetitive experiences such as child abuse and neglect,
• war, combat, concentration camps
• enduring deprivation

Psychological effects are likely to be most severe if the trauma is:

• Human caused, e.g. abuse
• Repeated
• Unpredictable
• Multifaceted, e.g. physical and sexual abuse"interactions in which one person behaves in a violent, demeaning or invasive manner towards another person (e.g. child or partner)" combined, natural disaster resulting in injury as well as perceived loss of life
• Sadistic, e.g. concentration camps, prostitution, pornography rings, ritual abuse
• Undergone in childhood
• And perpetrated by a caregiver

Intergenerational caused trauma

When trauma is not properly processed, it can go through generations. Children and other people surrounding the traumatized person take over the trauma, in a mostly nonverbal way. They can have the same feelings, the same emotions as the original trauma survivor. This can happen when trauma is denied or ignored by communities and society.

See integration for more.

References

1. ^ ISSTD. Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in Adults, Third Revision. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, volume 12, issue 2, 28 February 2011, page 115–187. (doi:10.1080/152947)
2. ^ Dell, Paul (2009) (coauthors: Barlow, MR, Beere, DB, Bianchi, I, Blizard, RA, Bluhm, RL, Braude, SE, Bremner, JD, Bromberg, PM, Brown, LS, Bryan, RA, Butler, LD, Cardena, E, Carlson, EA, Carlson, E, Dalenbert, C, Dallam, S,Dell, PF, den Boer, JA, Dorahy, MJ, Dutra, L, Evans, C, Fairbank, JA, Farrelly, S, Ford, JA, Frankel, AS, Freyd, JJ, Ginzburg, K, Gold, SN, Howell, EF, Jager-Hyman, S, Jessop, MA, Kletter, H, Kluft, RP, Koopman, C, Lanius, RA, Lawson, D, Liotti, G, Lyons-Ruth, K, Moskowitz, A, Nijenhuis, ERS, Nurcombe, B, O'Neil, JA, Ozturk, E, Pain, C, Paulson, KL, Read, J, Ross, CA, Rudegeair, T, Saltzman, K, Sar, V, Schore, AN, Scott, JG, Seibel, SL, Siegel, DJ, Silbert, JL, Silvern, L, Simeon, D, Somer, E, Sroufe, LA, Steele, K, Stern, DB, Terhune, DB, van der Hart, O, van Duijl, Marjolein, Waelde, LC, Weiner, LA, Williams, O, Yates, TM, Zanarini, MC.). . New York, NY:Routledge. 13: 978-0415957854.
3. ^ Dorahy, Martin; Bethany L Brand, Vedat Şar, Christa Krüger, Pam Stavropoulos, Alfonso Martínez-Taboas, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, Warwick Middleton (2014). Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, volume 48, issue 5. (doi:)
4. ^ Tiana, Fenghua; Amarnath Yennua, Alexa Smith-Osborneb, F. Gonzalez-Limac Carol S. Northd, e, f, Hanli Liua (2014). NeuroImage: Clinical, volume 4. (doi:)
5. ^ Courtois, Christine (2012) (coauthors: Ford, Julian). . The Guilford Press. .
6. ^ a b vanderKolk, Bessel (2014). . Viking Adult. 10: 0670785938.
7. ^ Frewen, Paul; Lanius, Ruth A. (2014). Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, volume 15, issue 4, 2014, page 436-456. (doi:10.1080/152977)
8. ^ Siegel, Daniel (2012). . Guilford press. 13: 978-1462503902.
9. ^ Chu, James A. (2011). . Hoboken, N.J.:John Wiley & Sons..
10. ^ Nijenhuis, Ellert; van der Hart, Onno (2011). Dissociation in Trauma: A New Definition and Comparison with Previous Formulations. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, volume 12, issue 4, 2011. (doi:10.1080/152992)
11. ^ Leo, Giuseppe (2014) (coauthors: David Mann, Georg Northoff, Allan N Schore, Robert Stickgold, Bessel A Van Der Kolk, Grigoris Vaslamatzis, Matthew P Walker). Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience. 10: 8897479065.
12. ^ Lanius, Ulrich (2014) (coauthors: Sandra L. Paulsen, Frank M. Corrigan). . New York:Springer Publishing Company. 10: 0826106315.